蒸汽循環(huán)

Steam cycle

世紀(jì)90年代后，以煤為代表的化石燃料發(fā)電技術(shù)的飛速發(fā)展，使整個(gè)發(fā)電廠的發(fā)電效率，蒸汽的溫度和壓力得到了大幅提高。對(duì)于秸桿燃燒發(fā)電設(shè)備，也同樣取得了很大發(fā)展。但是，相對(duì)與燃煤設(shè)備，秸稈燃燒發(fā)電設(shè)備的設(shè)計(jì)建設(shè)經(jīng)驗(yàn)相對(duì)較少。而且秸桿還具有獨(dú)特的特性，使其很難達(dá)到較高的蒸汽參數(shù)。尤其是秸桿中氯化物含量較高，增加了鍋爐在高蒸汽壓力下腐蝕的可能性。多數(shù)秸桿燃燒發(fā)電廠的發(fā)電效率只能達(dá)到30%左右。一般而言，秸稈發(fā)電廠在發(fā)電的同時(shí)都供熱，以提高整個(gè)電廠的效率。

After the 1990s, the rapid development of fossil fuel power generation technology represented by coal significantly improved the power generation efficiency, steam temperature, and pressure of the entire power plant. For straw burning power generation equipment, significant progress has also been made. However, compared to coal-fired equipment, there is relatively less experience in the design and construction of straw burning power generation equipment. Moreover, straw also has unique characteristics, making it difficult to achieve high steam parameters. Especially the high chloride content in straw increases the possibility of boiler corrosion under high steam pressure. The power generation efficiency of most straw burning power plants can only reach about 30%. Generally speaking, straw power plants provide heating while generating electricity to improve the efficiency of the entire power plant.

燃燒發(fā)電

Combustion power generation

發(fā)電廠內(nèi)建設(shè)兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的秸桿倉(cāng)庫(kù)。每個(gè)倉(cāng)庫(kù)都有大門(mén)，運(yùn)輸貨車(chē)可從大門(mén)駛?cè)?，然后停在地磅上稱重，秸桿同時(shí)要測(cè)試含水量。任何一包秸桿的含水量超過(guò)25%，則為不合格。

Build two independent straw warehouses within the power plant. Each warehouse has a gate, and transport trucks can enter through the gate and stop on the weighing scale to weigh the straw. At the same time, the moisture content of the straw needs to be tested. If the moisture content of any bag of straw exceeds 25%, it is considered unqualified.

在歐洲的發(fā)電廠中，這項(xiàng)測(cè)試由安裝在自動(dòng)起重機(jī)上的紅外傳感器來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。在中國(guó)，可以手動(dòng)將探測(cè)器插入每一個(gè)秸桿捆中測(cè)試水分，該探測(cè)器能存儲(chǔ)99組測(cè)量值，測(cè)量完所有秸桿捆之后，測(cè)量結(jié)果可以存入連接至地磅的計(jì)算機(jī)。然后使用叉車(chē)卸貨，并將運(yùn)輸貨車(chē)的空車(chē)重量輸入計(jì)算機(jī)。計(jì)算機(jī)可根據(jù)前后的重量以及含水量計(jì)算出秸桿的凈重。

In power plants in Europe, this test is carried out by infrared sensors installed on automatic cranes. In China, a detector can be manually inserted into each straw bundle to test for moisture. The detector can store 99 sets of measurement values. After measuring all straw bundles, the measurement results can be stored in a computer connected to the scale. Then use a forklift to unload the goods and input the empty weight of the transport truck into the computer. The computer can calculate the net weight of the straw based on the weight and moisture content before and after.

貨車(chē)卸貨時(shí)，叉車(chē)將秸桿包放入預(yù)先確定的位置;在倉(cāng)庫(kù)的另一端，叉車(chē)將秸桿包放在進(jìn)料輸送機(jī)上;進(jìn)料輸送機(jī)有一個(gè)緩沖臺(tái)，可保留秸桿5分鐘;秸桿從進(jìn)料臺(tái)通過(guò)帶密封閘門(mén)(防火)的進(jìn)料輸送機(jī)傳送至進(jìn)料系統(tǒng);秸桿包被推壓到兩個(gè)立式螺桿上，通過(guò)螺桿的旋轉(zhuǎn)扯碎秸桿，然后將秸桿傳送給螺旋自動(dòng)給料機(jī)，通過(guò)給料機(jī)將秸桿壓入密封的進(jìn)料通道，然后達(dá)到爐床。爐床為水冷式振動(dòng)爐床，是專(zhuān)門(mén)為秸桿燃燒發(fā)電廠而開(kāi)發(fā)的設(shè)備。

When unloading the truck, the forklift places the straw bales in a predetermined position; At the other end of the warehouse, a forklift places the straw bales on the feed conveyor; The feed conveyor has a buffer table that can retain the straw for 5 minutes; The straw is transported from the feeding platform to the feeding system through a feeding conveyor with a sealed gate (fireproof); The straw package is pushed onto two vertical screws, which rotate and tear the straw into pieces. Then, the straw is conveyed to a spiral automatic feeder, which presses the straw into a sealed feeding channel and reaches the furnace bed. The furnace bed is a water-cooled vibrating furnace bed, specifically developed for straw burning power plants.

鍋爐系統(tǒng)

Boiler system

鍋爐采用自然循環(huán)的汽包鍋爐，過(guò)熱器分兩級(jí)布置在煙道中，煙道尾部布置省煤器和空氣預(yù)熱器。由于秸桿灰中堿金屬的含量相對(duì)較高，因此，煙氣在高溫時(shí)(450℃以上)具有較高的腐蝕性。此外，飛灰的熔點(diǎn)較低，易產(chǎn)生結(jié)渣的問(wèn)題。如果灰分變成固體和半流體，運(yùn)行中就很難清除，就會(huì)阻礙管道中從煙氣至蒸汽的熱量傳輸。嚴(yán)重時(shí)甚至?xí)耆氯麩煔馔ǖ?，將煙氣堵在鍋爐中。由于存在這些問(wèn)題，因此，專(zhuān)門(mén)設(shè)計(jì)了過(guò)熱器系統(tǒng)，并在國(guó)際上的大多數(shù)秸桿發(fā)電廠中得到運(yùn)用。

The boiler adopts a natural circulation drum boiler, and the superheater is arranged in two stages in the flue. The tail of the flue is equipped with an economizer and an air preheater. Due to the relatively high content of alkali metals in straw ash, smoke has high corrosiveness at high temperatures (above 450 ℃). In addition, fly ash has a lower melting point and is prone to slagging. If ash becomes solid and semi fluid, it will be difficult to remove during operation, which will hinder the heat transfer from flue gas to steam in the pipeline. In severe cases, it may even completely block the flue gas channel, trapping the flue gas in the boiler. Due to these issues, a dedicated superheater system has been designed and applied in most straw power plants internationally.

運(yùn)作系統(tǒng)

Operational system

渦輪機(jī)和鍋爐必須在啟動(dòng)、部分負(fù)荷和停止操作等方面保持一致，協(xié)調(diào)鍋爐、汽輪機(jī)和空冷凝汽器的工作非常重要。

The turbine and boiler must maintain consistency in starting, partial load, and stopping operations, and coordinating the work of the boiler, turbine, and air condenser is very important.

發(fā)電裝置

Power generation equipment

丹麥的所有發(fā)電廠都是海水冷卻的，西班牙的Sanguesa發(fā)電廠是河水冷卻，英國(guó)的Ely發(fā)電廠裝有空氣冷凝器。在中國(guó)，空氣冷凝器是一種很成熟的產(chǎn)品，可以在秸稈發(fā)電廠中采用。

All power plants in Denmark are cooled by seawater, Sanguesa power plant in Spain is cooled by river water, and Ely power plant in the UK is equipped with air condensers. In China, air condensers are a mature product that can be used in straw power plants.

清潔系統(tǒng)

Cleaning system

在濕法煙氣凈化系統(tǒng)之后，安裝一個(gè)布袋除塵器，以便收集煙氣中的飛灰。布袋除塵器的排放低于25mg/Nm。布袋除塵器為脈動(dòng)噴射式，容器由壓縮空氣脈沖清潔。

After the wet flue gas purification system, install a bag filter to collect fly ash from the flue gas. The emission of bag filter is less than 25mg/Nm. The bag filter is a pulsating jet type, and the container is cleaned by compressed air pulse.

副產(chǎn)物

By-products

秸桿通常含有3-5%的灰分。這種灰以鍋爐飛灰和灰渣/爐底灰的形式被收集，這種灰分含有豐富的營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分如鉀、鎂、磷和鈣，可用作高效農(nóng)業(yè)肥料。

Straw usually contains 3-5% ash. This ash is collected in the form of boiler fly ash and ash/bottom ash, which contains rich nutrients such as potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, and calcium and can be used as efficient agricultural fertilizers.

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